1.LU Weifang, “The New Structure in the 20th Century: Administrative Division and Deep Development of England’s Urbanization”.
England Rural Urbanization in the 20th century further improved its urbanization level, which extended urbanism to countryside and gradually changed the rural outlook-countryside was backyard garden of cities rather than its twin brother of agriculture. The Urban District and Rural District under the County mirrored the condition of urbanization penetrating into rural and remote areas, and did the transformation of rural life and the ideal of city and village. These all manifested the new structure of urbanization in rural areas in the 20thcentury. On the one hand, urbanization slowly filled and leveled up the discrepancy of the modern infrastructure and public commodities supply, and made the living quality tended to close-up between countryside and city, thus Happy England came true. On the other hand, rural urbanization processes were not even, and some places and some aspects in the English rural areas are still behind the modern age.
2.SHEN Qi, “The Transport Factors of the English Urbanization Process”.
The optimization of the transport network and the improvement of transport efficiency are the prerequisites of the smooth urbanization. Medieval England witnessed the basic formation of transport network and the marked progress of transport efficiency, which favorably supported the process of commercialization and urbanization. The transport network continued to upgrade and the specialization of transport industry came into being in the 16thand 17th century England, which promoted the commercialization and specialization, among which the port towns, professional market towns and manufacturing towns highlighted. During the period of industrialization, the integration of water and land transport network and the transport revolution greatly promoted the industrialization and specialization, including manufacturing towns, port towns, coaching towns and leisure towns.
3.MENG Guanglin, “The Rise of Over-mighty Subjects and Its Political Influence in Late Medieval England”.
With the implementation of contract army through the paid service, private patronage and retinue bonded by money became increasingly popular in Late Medieval England. The social background of this so-called “Bastard Feudalism” gave birth to the rise of territorial magnates-over-mighty subjects. By paying annual monetary fee and living expenses, they recruited a large number of private vassals, organized private armies to resist the monarchy. Meanwhile, they monopolized the power of the royal court, sent their vassals into the lower house of Parliament by controlling local elections, and utilized the platform of Parliament for the plot to usurp the power of the kings. All these eventually led to the War of Roses.
4.Gwilym Dodd, “Voices of the People: Petitions and Parliament in Late Medieval England”.
The petition was a request written out on parchment, usually asking for justice or favour. Petitions were a mainstay of government and social relations in late medieval England and were used in many different contexts. The most prestigious form of petitioning: those requests presented to the king in parliament. The English parliament emerged in the course of the thirteenth century and quickly established itself as the foremost forum in which the king came face-to-face with the political community. It was during the reign of the great reformer king, Edward I (1272-1307) that petitioners were invited to bring to parliament their requests and complaints. Here was a quick and easy way for people to gain access to the king and his officials. As a result, petitioning became very popular. Accordingly, parliament developed sophisticated bureaucratic systems to handle the new business. Parliamentary petitions had special writing rules and structures. There were four different types of petition that were presented in parliament. The representatives in parliament – the members of parliament (MPs), or Commons, who were elected to attend the assembly by their constituents, played a growing important role in the petitionary process. From around the 1320s, MPs began to present their own petitions to the king (common petitions). These requests articulated matters of national importance and often, if accepted by the king, led to the creation of new laws, or legislation. Thus, to its earlier function of securing justice and favour, the petition now acquired a vital new political function, as a means by which the king’s subjects could influence the way England came to be governed.
5.Peter Meusburger, Thomas Schuch, MENG Guangwen, “The Vicissitudes of Heidelberg University Between 1803 and 1932”.
Heidelberg University is not only the oldest university in Germany, but also the first-class universities over the world. The study discusses the vicissitudes of the University, especially the revival between 1803 and 1932 through six factors: local government support, financial investment, academic freedom, university autonomy, interdisciplinary academic network and the open-up professor appointment policy. Relationship between the university development and social exchange has also been revealed based on the professor’s family and religious background.
6.YAN Shuqin, “The Admiration and Learning in Chinese Context: the Kuomintang-controlled Area Media’s Review in 1930s about the Economic Construction of Soviet Union”.
In middle 1930s’ Kuomintang-controlled area, there was a hot wave talking about economic construction of Soviet Union. The central topics discussed by people include planned economic system, industrial construction, agricultural collectivization and mechanization. The achievement of Soviet Union’s economic construction sharply shocked Chinese people’s mind. Under the circumstance that Japan was invading China rapidly, people hoped to learn Soviet Union’s experience of economic construction, in order to enhance Chinese national strength to resist foreign aggression.
7.LI li, “The Evacuation of Chinese Communist Party Members in Wuhan after the Failure of the Great Revolution”.
In July 1927, there were so many members of CCP gathered in Wuhan that evacuation work was at stake. Before the KMT-CCP split on July 15, the Communist International ordered the party members to evacuate. However, due to the leadership of central committee of CCP and the attitude of Michael Borodin, the early work was in chaos. With the influence of backbone force of CCP members, the evacuation work became more and more ordered, but the loss of the party members was inevitable. Even so, there were still a lot of party members who left Wuhan by their own social relations and kept in touch with the Party, reflecting the cohesion and centripetal force of CCP under the white terror.
8.XU Xiaoguang, “The Content and Value of the Study on the Social Thoughts of Japan during Meiji Period”.
The Meiji period is the critical period of Japan’s modern social transformation. Ideology often plays an important role in social transformation. During the Meiji period, all kinds of social thoughts had a far-reaching impact on Japan’s modernization process and social development direction. The social thoughts during Meiji period has the characteristics of the times that serve the reality, and also presents the characteristics of pluralism and multi-dimension. A deep study on Japan’s social thoughts and its tendency in the Meiji period can reveal the ideological motive of the process of Japan’s modernization.
9.LI Xiaoxia, “The Start of Agricultural Modernization of Punjab Province in British India”.
As an arid area with little rain, the landownership of Punjab region was based on the structure of the village community before the colonial time. By land settlement and supporting the colonization of the waste, colonial government established a clarified land tenure system in this region in the second half of the 19th century. The huge irrigation system built by public investment promoted the agricultural output and productivity. Meanwhile, the demands of world market stimulated the agricultural exportation and commercialization in Punjab region. Clarified land ownership, irrigation system and commercialization, these changes made the traditional and backward agriculture slowly transform to the relatively modernized one in the 1950s.
