1.In Memory of Professor QI Shirong
2.HAN Dongyu, “ ‘Fall’ and ‘Powers’ in East Asia World——From ‘Tribute System’ to ‘Treaty System’”
In the history of East Asia region, there had been three kinds of “Fall-Powers” structures: the early modern “Fall-Powers” structure led by Chinese Li-Yue values, the Japanese modern “Fall-Powers” structure featured by colonial expansion, and the post war “Fall-Powers” structure created by the Americans which established on the basis of occidental superiority values. Among these three similar but different structures, the “Tribute System” was mainly bound by the centripetal force of Chinese culture, while the East Asia hegemony once led by Japan was mostly the outcome of military aggression. However, the fading of “Fall” had not only caused the disappearance of the first two structures, but also signifies the coming end of the East Asia order created by the Americans. An East Asia community of common destiny which is not in the set patterns above, further, which could combine the East and West and keep equity as well as moral, may the true expectance of the contemporaries.
3.SHEN Jian, “On the Rise and Early Stage of Evolution of Hungarians”.
Hungarians is an important ethnic group with the backgrounds of Uralic languages in Central Europe, who migrated to the present Hungary in the second half of the 9th century. The modern Hungarian Nation has gradually formed after the ancient Hungarians mixed with local aborigines. Early medieval period is significant for this people, during which it completed the transition from nomadic life to farming life, the initial establishment of the kingdom and Christianization. Therefore, this is an important period worthy of deep concern.
4.RAO Benzhong, “On the ‘Sin’ in Judaism”.
Sin is one of the important ideas of Judaism. There are quite a few terms which signify sin in Judaism, three of which are often used. The connotations of sin in Judaism have different changes in different time, however, no matter what changed, violating or disregarding the will of God is an eternal meaning of sin in Judaism. The leading cause of sin in Judaism lies in the imperfect of humanity; the characteristics of sin in Judaism are universal, conjoint, and controllable. Jewish ways of atonement are diverse: offering was a mainly way in Temple period, when the Temple disappeared, repentance is the main way of atonement.
5.LIU Cheng, “An Etymological Interpretation of “Hansa” and Related Concepts”.
“Hansa”, “die Hansa”and“hanse”are a series of terms with similarities which often have been seen in the study on the economic and social history of Medieval Western Europe. There are some differences in their existing contexts, also differences in organizational system, membership and activity fields. However, the same etymological origin implies a close connection among these three terms. From the etymological angle, “Hansa” indicates the Germanic travelling merchant community in Early Middle Ages, which is often deemed as rudiments of Medieval “hanse” and German “die Hansa”. As a culmination of the Medieval autonomous community, “die Hansa” is also a special form of “hanse”. Taken functions as the viewpoint, the purpose of “hanse” about internal balance and external protection also reflects in the organizational system of “Hansa” and “die Hansa”. The study on these three historical terms would not only be able to prove their homology and homogeneity, but also help people to understand the continuity of all economic-social factors in long-term transformation of Western Europe.
6.LIU Xiao, “On Accidents and Countermeasures of the British Collieries in Late 19th Century”.
The British coal industry has made a remarkable advance, but experienced severe accidents as well during the late 19th century. The mortality in collieries increased and this occupation became more dangerous at that time. However, if we change the point of view and compare the number of deaths with that of coal production and colliers, it shows a continuous decrease of mortality in collieries since the late 19th century. It was because some experts who had paid a close attention to coal pit reasoned these accidents from different angle, such as education, atmospheric pressure, market and so on. New techniques were put into use constantly in propping, winding, gas detection, and ventilation. The parliament also promulgated a series of laws in coal mining. These are the main driving forces behind the relative improvement in collieries.
7.(Russia) C. B. Glazunoff, “Government Measures in Responses to Strikes in Modern Russia ——A Case Study of the Strike of the Kushev United Factory”.
Strikes of workers kept appearing after the beginning of Russian industrialization during the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20thcentury, among which the one happened in the Kushev United Factory in Vladimir Oblast, Russia in 1898 was more typical. Strikes of workers, usually with characteristics of class nature, mass organization and destruction, reflected the appeal of Russian workers of Modern Times in materials and thoughts. The treatment approaches of strikes by Russian government were mainly through laws and administrative methods, aiming to reduce their influence on society and politics, as well as avoiding social unrest. The relationship among Russian regime, society and workers could be understood and seized through the analysis of the treatment of the Kushev United Factory Strike by Russian government. In general, the treatment of strikes by Russian government in Modern Times was not successful, which reflected the limitation of Russian policies and systems then, the backwardness of relevant adjustment and the increasingly intensified social contradictions. History shows that only when the timely and effective legal regulations are made to deal with the problems appeared during the economic and social development, can the orders of a country be stable and the economic and social development be secured.
8.WANG Chuan and HE Wenhua, “On the Development of Lhasa before the Democratic Reform”.
Before the Democratic Reform in 1959, Tibet has enjoyed a more stable political environment, and the 13th Dalai Lama has begun to carry out his reform in Tibet after his return from exile. Therefore, as the political and economic center of Tibet, Lhasa has got a lot of development in commerce, transportation, finance and industry. The new development of Lhasa was affected by the external factors, and it was resulted from the exchanges between Chinese tradition and foreign culture. However, the old political and economical system which featured by theocracy and slavery has always discouraged the modernization of Lhasa.
9.NIU Jie, “On the Administrative Processing of Election Disputes in the Late Period of Republic of China”.
According to the Nanjing National Government’s electoral law, the voting dispute cases were not only subject to the jurisdiction of the court, but also to the administrative government. People can directly file a complaint to the administrative organs. Some of the election disputes were solved effectively and others were sent back to the primary places. While some illegal officials were shield by their supervisors, others tried to take steps to contain the disputes in advance. Although loopholes existed, Nanjing Government has taken an effective processing program in the disposing of voting disputes.
10.WANG Weihong, “An Analysis of Factors Leading to Economic Commercialization in British New England”.
When British New England was created, the puritan immigrants brought not only the financial capital and technology, but also a new way of life and the spirit of puritan. In the process of transforming the primitive ecological environment of North America, they actively developed transportation and internal trade network, expanded the foreign trade, constantly enriched species and structure of export products according to local conditions. As colonial economy integrated significantly into the Atlantic trade system more and more, New England economy had completed the commercializing process. Thus, not only its economic structure had a major change, but also it became a transiting trade center in Atlantic World, boosting the economic growth of North America.
11.SONG Yang, “The First Working Conference of World History Diciplinary Appraisal Group of Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council Held in Nanjing”.
