1.HE Qinhua, “Easier Said than Done: Some Practice of the Rule of Law in Europe and America”.
Judging from the perspective of the whole legal and cultural history of human beings, the developmental road of the rule of law in every country is extraordinary. Even in the western developed countries, the formation, development, maturation and perfection of the rule of law have experienced hundreds or even thousands of years. Nowadays, there are still a lot of core problems of the rule of law which need to be explored by us, and we should also put it into practice. Based on the exploring of the formation and transformation of modern criminal defense system in modern Britain, the codification from the early 18th century to the middle of the 19th century in Russia, the trial of Dennis case and Brandenburg case in the establishment of freedom of speech in America, as well as the changing of the Weimar Constitution article 48 "the state of emergency provisions" in Germany, 1919, the essay has summarized and discussed the topic of "the rule of law is a hard and long journey", for the purpose of exploring the disciplines of the development of the rule of law since modern times.
2.LIU Xincheng, “An Interpretation of the Parliament in the 16th Century England”.
The 16th century marked a watershed in England, and it saw the transformation of the parliament. You can see thelegislative games and parliamentary elections. English people valued the identity of a member of the parliament, andsome even exhaust all efforts to achieve a statute from the parliament, which goes to show that at that time the societyof rule of law had initially been established, law was respected, and the parliament enjoyed the high authority oflegislation. The roots of it could be traced back to the medieval times when launched the process of professionalizationof the law, in addition to factors of feudal contract and the common law system. The principle of preexistent reason hadbeen built up, and concepts of restricting political power should not be neglected. The period from 16th to 17th centurysaw a great change, and one of the signs of the change is that the parliament of the feudal estates changed into therepresentative institution of the modern nation state.
3.ZHAO Wenhong, “The Ideas of Anti-Tyrant in Medieval Europe”.
To restrict, fight against, dethrone and kill the tyrants had been a popular idea existed through the history of politicalthought in medieval Europe. The key points of this idea are: if the ruler of a political community seriously violate theGod's will, his political duty, the contract between him and his subjects and the laws, he has become a tyrant, and thesubjects own the right to restrict, fight against, dethrone and kill him. John of Salisbury, Ranulf de Glanvill, Henry deBracton,Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham and Calvinism were all the advocators of this idea.
4.HUANG Yang, “The Greek Polis and the Rule of Law in the Western Tradition”.
The Western tradition of the rule of law originated in the Greek poleis. Soon after their emergence in the Archaicperiod, the Greek poleis went through a stage of law-making and established their political constitutions which in general guaranteed the participation of citizens in the political deliberative and decision-making process. Athenian democracy was likewise based on the rule of law and it for the first time in history gave the power of decision-making to the citizen body, thus subordinating the elite class to the mass. Modern democracies are fundamentally different from Athenian democracy in several important respects, not the least because their political institutions directly derived from Republican Rome. Nonetheless, they have succeeded the tradition of the rule of law common to both ancient Greek democracy and the Roman Republic.
5.LIU Qingzhu, “The Archaeological Cognition of the Silk Roads”.
There were many Silk Roads in Euro-Asia in ancient China, of which the most famous was the Desert Silk Road. Theseroutines had been buried in the earth or submerged under the sea. Today people cognize them mainly on the basis offragmentary archaeological findings which like the dots, and then combine them with documentary records which justlike connecting the dots into lines. The Silk Roads were the main ways to spread the spiritual and material civilizationaboard. The Western Regions were deeply influenced and consequently brought into Chinese territory. It could besaid that trade affairs through the Desert Silk Road was basically one-way, and the merchants coming and going weremainly Sogdian in Middle Asia. Whether landway or seaway, the silver age of the Silk Road is just in the time ofChinese flourishing age.
6.LEE Chinyun, PAN Mingte, “Andijon and Xinjiang Management during the Reign of Qianlong”.
By examining Qianlong emperor's Manchurian correspondence archives, this article explores Qing Empire's tradepolicies toward Central Asia in the eighteenth century. Central Asia bordered three enormous empires: the Mughal,the Qing, and the Russian Empire, each of which had high demand on goods produced in the region as well as thatfrom one another. As a result, Central Asia was not only a place that exported its products such as horse, cotton, andjade, it was also an interregional trade center for the three empires. Andijon was a hub on central Asia's north/southand east/west interregional trading routes. The Qing court took advantage of its economic power and devised a flexibletrade policy as a means to extend its political influences in newly acquired Xinjiang and beyond. Partnering with themerchants from Andijon, the Qing court combined price control, embargo, and tariffs as its tools to serve the Empire'spolitical and diplomatic agendas, which turned out to be quite effective for nearly a century.
7.B. Mironov, “Inequal Wealth in the 18th and the 21st Century Russia”.
The peasantry is the focus of the study of inequal wealth from the 18th century to the beginning of the 21st centuryRussia. It's neccessary for us to combine History and Sociology to do research on the topic. Thus we could findthe theoretical basis on which we do research. We argue that theories and standards to evaluate the degree of inequalwealth should be remade. The inequal coefficients in Sociology and Economics are worth utilizing for reference inHistory. Their advantage lies in that the degree of inequal wealth becomes measurable, while their disadvantage is thatthey can not measure the degree of absolute inequal. The relative degree of inequal wealth is our main task. Our studyshows that the degree of inequal wealth is not so higher than that in Britain and America. Russian peasantry, however,is sensitive to the inequal wealth, which is the root of social tension.
8.FENG Zilian, “The Doctrine of Justification by Faith: from Martin Luther to the Finnish School”.
The doctrine of Justification by Faith is the foundation of the Lutheran Church. It was gradually established by Martin Luther, when he objected to the Roman Catholic Church. Philipp Melanchthon, Luther's successor, insisted on thedoctrine in the Augsburg Confession, but he reserved judgment on Luther's view due to his gentle personality and theneed of reconciliation with the Roman Catholic Church at that time. The Finnish School criticized that Melanchthonhad stressed the forensic and judicial side of the Justification and neglected the effective side. Tuomo Mannermaa, theFather of the Finnish School, connected the Lutheran doctrine of Justification to the patristic-Orthodox doctrine ofDivinization by means of interpreting a Luther's comment on the Galatians that Christ is really present in faith itself emphasizing on both sides of the Justification by Faith. In fact, the theory of Martin Luther is a dynamic developingprocess. Melanchthon and the Finnish School's interpretation belong to different periods of Luther's theory.
9.WANG Yunlong, “An Approach to Baltic Crusade in Textology”.
The aim of this textological biography, therefore, is to bring together the main works that will prove accessible anduseful to the English-speaking reader, the emphasis being on publications appearing between 1945 and 2000. Thefeature of Danish historiography have had implications for modern conceptions of Dannnebrog and Anders Sunesen. Itis especially true of the Chronicon terrae Prussiae, the first and most important work of historiography of the TeutonicOrder-Mental Frontiers: Prussians as seen by by Peter von Dusburg.
10.ZHANG Xiaohan, “On the Income of the Schoolmasters in England before the End of the 19th Century”.
Since the middle ages, schoolmasters as a career gradually expanded to different social identity and status in England,and education was not gradually monopoly by the clergy completely. Before the formation of national educationsystem, the source of life of the schoolmasters could include prebend and benefice, social donation, salary, bonus,fees, and other supplementary income, etc. and there were difference among the different schools, different identityand status. It was one of the reasons that schoolmasters gradually diversified in the formation of identity, diversity,complexity, position and function diversity, long-term since it is difficult to form a unified occupation guild, in order toprotect the interests of In the modern time, with the country paying more attention to education, teachers' salary systemgradually established, the teacher occupation gradually move toward standardization, specialization.
11.YI Jianping, “The Distinction between the Democracy and Autocracy in the Ancient World”.
It has been an academic focus on how to define the democracy and autocracy in ancient history. Some Chinese scholarssummarized four standards judging democratic tribe federation: no supreme leader, unanimous principle of decision-making, egalitarian relationship between independent tribes, bi-powers or tri-powers system of the tribe federation.However, putting these standards in studying the historical reality, we will find that they are not so effective. Therefore,we have redefined the concepts of ancient democracy and autocracy and proposed the new concept of non-autocracy tohelp us judge the political structure of human society in ancient time.
