Abstract

In the medieval times of the world, the second wave of civilization emerged. Among the civilizations rising in this era, the Germanic civilization, Slavic civilization and Arab-Islamic civilization have the greatest impact on the modern world. Similar to ancient civilizations, these three civilizations in the middle ages were all independent and original civilizations, which were the result of the natural development of their creators’ societies. Unlike ancient civilization, the creators of these three major civilizations all had a nomadic background, and still had certain nomadic habits when integrated into agricultural civilization; they were all civilizations of conquerors; they were all religious civilizations and adhered to monotheism. Their emergence and development had encountered an excellent international environment and opportunity, and they also absorbed many nutrients from foregoing civilizations and coetaneous civilizations. Because of the endogenous mechanism and growth space of civilization were different, European civilization finally stood out from them and took the lead in moving towards a capitalist industry society.

Published on Economic and Social History Review, Issue 2, 2023.