Abstract：

Feudal contractual relations in England maintained a hierarchical society and defended the authority of the king as the supreme ruler; it also limited feudal dependence, and the vassals were granted a certain degree of independent rights and powers. It was difficult for the king to encroach upon and annex their land tenure as long as the vassals fulfilled their obligations. After the Norman Conquest, the kings enfeoffed 80%-85% of the land, but it became increasingly difficult for him to dominate it. The king has never possessed the authority to impose land rents and forced labor throughout the country. Only if it's necessary for public safety, could the royal court levy a nationwide “aid” with the approval of Parliament. This historical context provided an important prerequisite for establishing the parliamentary system in the Middle Ages and the modern land property system.

Published on Historical Research, Issue 6, 2023.